WHO STUDY
In the modern era, where smog blankets urban landscapes and the air we breathe becomes increasingly toxic, the World Health Organisation (WHO) is at the forefront of addressing the pervasive and hazardous issue of air pollution.
From the ominous smog hanging over cities to the insidious smoke that infiltrates homes, the menace of air pollution poses a severe threat to both human health and the global climate.
A significant contributor to this threat is ambient (outdoor) air pollution, affecting not only bustling urban areas but also penetrating into serene rural landscapes.
Fine particulate matter generated by various sources has been identified as a major culprit, leading to a host of health issues such as strokes, heart diseases, lung cancer, and acute and chronic respiratory diseases.
The toll is staggering, with an estimated 7 million premature deaths annually attributed to the combined effects of ambient air pollution and household air pollution.
One of the most alarming facets of this crisis is the exposure of approximately 2.4 billion people to perilous levels of household air pollution.
Many individuals, particularly in developing regions, rely on traditional cooking methods that involve open fires or rudimentary stoves fueled by kerosene, biomass (including wood, animal dung, and crop waste), and coal.
The consequences of this indoor air pollution are dire, contributing significantly to respiratory ailments and other health complications.
Identifying the sources of air pollution is a crucial step in devising effective strategies for mitigation. The major outdoor pollution sources are diverse and context-specific, encompassing residential energy consumption for cooking and heating, vehicular emissions, power generation, agricultural and waste incineration, and industrial activities.
To combat this multifaceted problem, WHO advocates for comprehensive policies and investments that promote sustainable land use, cleaner household energy, and eco-friendly transportation.
Key strategies include the promotion of energy-efficient housing, the transition to cleaner cooking fuels, advancements in power generation technologies, and the implementation of stringent regulations on industrial emissions.
Additionally, a focus on improving municipal waste management practices can significantly contribute to reducing the overall burden of air pollution.
WHO’s efforts are not isolated but part of a global endeavour to address the silent killer that is air pollution. Collaborative initiatives involving governments, industries, and communities are essential for implementing and enforcing policies that prioritise clean air.
The fight against air pollution is not only a battle for human health but also a commitment to safeguarding the climate and the planet for future generations.
The urgency of the situation demands swift and decisive action to ensure that the air we breathe is free from the shackles of pollution, promoting a healthier and more sustainable world for all.
What is air pollution and how does it lead to disease in our bodies?
Air pollution is the presence of one or more contaminants in the atmosphere, such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke or vapour, in quantities and duration that can be injurious to human health. The main pathway of exposure to air pollution is through the respiratory tract.
Breathing in these pollutants leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and mutagenicity in cells throughout our body, impacting the lungs, heart, and brain among other organs and ultimately leading to disease.
What organs are impacted by air pollution?
Almost every organ in the body can be impacted by air pollution. Due to their small size, some air pollutants can penetrate the bloodstream via the lungs and circulate throughout the entire body leading to systemic inflammation and carcinogenicity.
What diseases are associated with exposure to air pollution?
Air pollution is a risk for all-cause mortality as well as specific diseases. The specific disease outcomes most strongly linked with exposure to air pollution include stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pneumonia, and cataracts (household air pollution only).
There is suggestive evidence also linking air pollution exposure with increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes (i.e. low birth weight, small for gestational age), other cancers, diabetes, cognitive impairment and neurological diseases.
What are some of the most important air pollutants leading to disease?
Although many toxins have adverse impacts on health, pollutants with the strongest evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2).
Fine particulate matter is an especially important source of health risks, as these very small particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, enter the bloodstream, and travel to organs causing systemic damage to tissues and cells.
How long does someone need to be exposed to air pollution to harm their health?
Health problems in children and adults can occur because of both short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants. The levels and duration of exposure that can be considered ‘safe’ vary by pollutant, as well as the related disease outcomes. For some pollutants, there are no thresholds below which adverse effects do not occur.
Exposure to high levels of particulate matter, for example, can lead to reduced lung function, respiratory infections and aggravated asthma from short-term exposure.
Whereas long-term or chronic exposure to fine particulate matter increases a person’s risk for diseases with a longer onset, like some noncommunicable diseases including stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer.
Are some populations more likely to be at higher risk for disease from air pollution?
The children, elderly and pregnant women are more susceptible to air pollution-related diseases. Genetics, comorbidities, nutrition and sociodemographic factors also impact a person’s susceptibility to air pollution.
Does exposure to air pollution during pregnancy impact the health of the fetus?
Maternal exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight, pre-term birth and small for gestational age births.
A growing body of evidence also suggests that air pollution may affect diabetes and neurological development in children.
Are the health risks the same between ambient air pollution and household air pollution?
The health impacts from exposure to ambient air pollution or household air pollution are dependent on the types and concentrations of the pollutants in the air pollution mixture to which an individual is exposed.
However, the health risks and disease pathways between ambient and household air pollution exposure are often similar, due to their similar composition.
Fine particulate matter for example is a common and critical pollutant of both ambient and household air pollution leading to negative health impacts.
Additional safety risks are associated with many of the fuels and technologies used in the home emitting air pollution.
These include burns and poisonings (from kerosene ingestion), as well as physical injury related to fuel collection, including musculoskeletal damage, violence, and animal bites.
It is important to note that the death and disability estimates attributed to air pollution do not account for all health outcomes associated with air pollution.
WHO estimates are likely conservative as only health outcomes for which there is strong certainty in the epidemiological evidence are included (i.e. stroke, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, and lung cancer).
What is the link between desert dust, air pollution and health?
Desert dust episodes contribute directly to air pollution by increasing particulate matter concentrations and in some regions, is an important, sometimes main, source.
Desert dust episodes or sand and dust storms, constitute a growing public health, mainly for respiratory diseases, and environmental concern for many areas of the world. It also has an important transboundary component, which is important to take into account when addressing it at regional and international levels.
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